TKA means **total knee arthroplasty**, also called **total knee replacement**. It is a surgery that replaces worn or damaged knee joint surfaces with artificial components. TKA is commonly used to treat advanced knee arthritis and severe knee joint damage. It is performed in orthopedic surgery settings and followed by structured rehabilitation.

Total knee arthroplasty is a surgical joint replacement for an arthritic or damaged knee. It replaces worn joint surfaces with artificial components to restore smoother motion. It is commonly used for advanced knee osteoarthritis and other severe joint conditions. It is performed by orthopedic surgeons in hospital or surgical center settings.

Anteromedialization TTO is a surgical realignment procedure involving the tibial tubercle, the bony bump where the patellar tendon attaches on the front of the shinbone. It is a type of tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO), meaning a controlled bone cut and repositioning. “Anteromedialization” describes moving that attachment point forward (anterior) and toward the inside (medial). It is commonly used in patellofemoral problems such as kneecap maltracking, recurrent instability, and cartilage overload–related pain.

Medialization TTO is a surgical technique that shifts the tibial tubercle slightly toward the inside (medial side) of the knee. It is commonly used to improve how the kneecap (patella) tracks in the groove at the end of the thigh bone (trochlea of the femur). It is most often discussed in care for patellofemoral pain, maltracking, or recurrent kneecap instability. It may also be combined with other knee procedures when multiple problems contribute to symptoms.

Joint line obliquity describes how “tilted” a joint surface is compared with a reference line, often the floor or the body’s mechanical axis. In the knee, it usually refers to the slope of the femur–tibia contact line in the coronal (front) view. Clinicians use it as a measurement concept in imaging, alignment assessment, and surgical planning. It commonly comes up in knee osteoarthritis, limb deformity evaluation, osteotomy planning, and total knee replacement discussions.

MAD is an orthopedic measurement that describes knee and leg alignment. MAD stands for **mechanical axis deviation**, meaning how far the body’s weight-bearing line shifts from the center of the knee. It is most commonly measured on a standing, full-length leg X-ray. Clinicians use MAD to evaluate bow-legged (varus) or knock-kneed (valgus) alignment and to help plan or monitor treatment.

Mechanical axis deviation is a measurement of how straight (or not straight) a leg is in standing. It describes where the body’s weight-bearing line passes through the knee. Clinicians use it to understand knee alignment in conditions like bowlegs (varus) or knock-knees (valgus). It is commonly used in orthopedic imaging, surgical planning, and follow-up after alignment procedures.

Valgus correction osteotomy is a surgical procedure that changes bone alignment to reduce a “valgus” (knock-kneed) position at the knee. It is most often used to shift weight-bearing forces away from the outer (lateral) side of the knee joint. The goal is to improve knee mechanics and reduce symptoms in selected conditions. It is commonly discussed in knee preservation care, especially in younger or active patients with alignment-related knee problems.

Varus correction osteotomy is a realignment surgery used to correct a “varus” (bow-legged) alignment around the knee. It involves cutting and reshaping bone so body weight is distributed more evenly across the knee joint. It is most commonly discussed in the setting of knee pain related to alignment problems and uneven cartilage wear. It may be performed on the tibia (shinbone) or femur (thighbone), depending on where the deformity originates.

Alignment correction is the process of improving how the bones of a joint line up and share load. In knee care, it commonly refers to addressing “bow-legged” (varus) or “knock-kneed” (valgus) alignment. It can be done with non-surgical strategies (like bracing or foot orthoses) or with surgery (like osteotomy or joint replacement alignment techniques).