MAD is an orthopedic measurement that describes knee and leg alignment. MAD stands for **mechanical axis deviation**, meaning how far the body’s weight-bearing line shifts from the center of the knee. It is most commonly measured on a standing, full-length leg X-ray. Clinicians use MAD to evaluate bow-legged (varus) or knock-kneed (valgus) alignment and to help plan or monitor treatment.

Mechanical axis deviation is a measurement of how straight (or not straight) a leg is in standing. It describes where the body’s weight-bearing line passes through the knee. Clinicians use it to understand knee alignment in conditions like bowlegs (varus) or knock-knees (valgus). It is commonly used in orthopedic imaging, surgical planning, and follow-up after alignment procedures.

Valgus correction osteotomy is a surgical procedure that changes bone alignment to reduce a “valgus” (knock-kneed) position at the knee. It is most often used to shift weight-bearing forces away from the outer (lateral) side of the knee joint. The goal is to improve knee mechanics and reduce symptoms in selected conditions. It is commonly discussed in knee preservation care, especially in younger or active patients with alignment-related knee problems.

Varus correction osteotomy is a realignment surgery used to correct a “varus” (bow-legged) alignment around the knee. It involves cutting and reshaping bone so body weight is distributed more evenly across the knee joint. It is most commonly discussed in the setting of knee pain related to alignment problems and uneven cartilage wear. It may be performed on the tibia (shinbone) or femur (thighbone), depending on where the deformity originates.

Alignment correction is the process of improving how the bones of a joint line up and share load. In knee care, it commonly refers to addressing “bow-legged” (varus) or “knock-kneed” (valgus) alignment. It can be done with non-surgical strategies (like bracing or foot orthoses) or with surgery (like osteotomy or joint replacement alignment techniques).

Derotational osteotomy is a surgery that corrects abnormal bone rotation by cutting a bone and rotating it into a better alignment. It is most commonly performed on the femur (thigh bone) or tibia (shin bone). It is used when rotational alignment contributes to pain, instability, or inefficient movement around the knee, hip, or ankle. The goal is to improve how forces travel through the leg during standing, walking, and sports.

Maquet procedure is a knee operation that repositions the tibial tubercle, the bony bump where the patellar tendon attaches. Its goal is to change how the kneecap (patella) loads against the thighbone (femur). It is most commonly discussed in the setting of patellofemoral pain or patellofemoral arthritis (kneecap joint wear). In modern practice, it is often considered within the broader family of “tibial tubercle osteotomy/transfer” procedures.

Fulkerson osteotomy is a knee surgery that repositions the tibial tubercle, the bump on the shinbone where the patellar tendon attaches. It is designed to change how the kneecap (patella) tracks and loads against the thighbone (femur). It is most commonly used for patellofemoral pain, maltracking, or recurrent patellar instability. It is one form of a broader group of procedures called tibial tubercle osteotomies.

TTO most commonly refers to a **tibial tubercle osteotomy**. It is a knee operation that **repositions a small piece of bone** where the patellar tendon attaches. It is commonly used in **patellofemoral problems**, such as kneecap instability or maltracking. It may also be combined with other procedures to address cartilage injury or alignment issues.

Tibial tubercle osteotomy is a knee surgery that repositions a small bony bump on the front of the shinbone (tibia). That bump, called the tibial tubercle, is where the patellar tendon attaches. By moving it, surgeons can change how the kneecap (patella) tracks and how forces load the front of the knee. It is commonly used in patellofemoral (kneecap) instability and certain patterns of patellofemoral pain or cartilage wear.