Physiologic genu varum is a normal, age-related bowing of the legs, often called “bowlegs.” It describes a developmental alignment pattern seen most commonly in infants and toddlers. Clinicians use the term to distinguish normal growth-related bowing from bowing caused by disease or injury. In practice, it is a *diagnostic description*, not a surgical procedure or a specific treatment.

Genu varum is a knee alignment pattern commonly called “bowlegs.” It means the knees angle outward so the lower legs sit farther apart when standing. The term is used in orthopedics, sports medicine, and physical therapy to describe limb alignment. It is discussed in both childhood development and adult knee and arthritis care.

Genu valgum is a knee alignment pattern often called “knock-knees.” It means the knees angle inward toward each other when standing. Clinicians use the term to describe limb alignment during exams and imaging. It is discussed in pediatrics, sports medicine, and arthritis care.

Tibial spine fracture pediatric is a knee injury seen in children and adolescents. It involves a break at the tibial spine (also called the tibial eminence) where the ACL attaches. In plain terms, it is often an “ACL pull-off” fracture rather than a mid-ligament ACL tear. It is commonly discussed in pediatric orthopedics, sports medicine, emergency care, and physical therapy.

Physeal-sparing ACL reconstruction is a surgical approach to rebuild a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) while avoiding the knee’s growth plates. It is most commonly used in children and adolescents who still have open physes (growth plates). The goal is to restore knee stability without creating a tunnel path that could disturb growth. It is typically performed with minimally invasive (arthroscopic) techniques, with variations based on age and anatomy.

ACL tear pediatric is a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in a child or adolescent. The ACL is a key stabilizing ligament inside the knee. This term is commonly used in sports medicine, orthopedics, emergency care, and physical therapy. It describes both the injury itself and the clinical pathway used to evaluate and manage it.

Discoid meniscus pediatric refers to a disc-shaped meniscus in a child’s knee. It is a common anatomic variant where the meniscus is thicker and covers more of the joint surface than usual. It is most often discussed in relation to the lateral (outer) meniscus. The term is commonly used in pediatric orthopedics, sports medicine, radiology, and physical therapy.

Sinding-Larsen-Johansson is a knee condition that causes pain at the lower tip of the kneecap. It is most often discussed in adolescents during growth and sports participation. Clinicians use the term to describe an overuse-related irritation where the patellar tendon attaches to the patella. It commonly appears in sports medicine, orthopedics, and physical therapy settings.

Patellar apophysitis is an overuse-related pain condition at a knee growth center connected to the kneecap (patella). It most often affects physically active children and adolescents during growth spurts. It is a clinical diagnosis used in sports medicine, orthopedics, and physical therapy when front-of-knee pain is linked to growth-plate irritation. The term is commonly discussed alongside other “traction apophysitis” conditions around the knee.

Osgood-Schlatter is a common cause of front-of-knee pain in growing adolescents. It involves irritation where the patellar tendon attaches to the top of the shinbone (tibia). It is most often discussed in sports medicine and pediatric orthopedics. It is usually associated with running, jumping, and rapid growth periods.